Children who are abused, lose a parent, or suffer other hardships may be at increased risk of chronic health conditions later in life, according to an international study.

Looking at over 18,000 adults from 10 countries, the study found that those who said they'd faced childhood adversities such as abuse, the death of a parent, or a parent's alcohol or drug abuse, had higher risks of heart disease, arthritis, asthma, diabetes and other conditions.

Depression

The same pattern was seen among people who said they'd suffered from depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions before the age of 21, the study, published in the Archives of General Psychiatry, said.

The findings do not prove that serious stresses in childhood directly cause poor physical health later on, but there are a number of reasons the two could be connected, said lead researcher Kate Scott from New Zealand's University of Otago.

"Early adverse experiences can shape people's behaviour and lifestyle," she said, noting that some people may end up smoking, drinking or over-eating as a way of dealing with the stresses of those childhood experiences. Similarly, young people with depression or other mental health disorders may learn to use smoking or drinking as a way to self-medicate.

"So both early-life adversities and mental disorders may independently influence health-related behaviour," Scott said, adding that it's also possible that lasting and severe childhood stress may have more direct biological effects.

"When the stress is ongoing, such as in long-term childhood maltreatment, then there can be health consequences of those (stress hormones) being consistently elevated," she added.

Her team found that participants who reported at least three childhood adversities had higher risk of all six physical health problems that the study assessed. In particular, they had twice the risk of heart disease.

Similar findings were seen among adults who said they'd had mental health conditions before age 21, especially depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or panic disorders.

Their risks of heart disease, asthma, arthritis and chronic back pain or headaches were up to 66pc higher than risks in adults who reported no early mental health disorders.

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A baby girl born today is eight times more likely to live to 100 than one born 80 years ago, new figures indicate.

The analysis also shows that 20 year-olds are three times more likely to reach 100 than their grandparents, and twice as likely as their parents.

The rapidly ageing population in the UK and Ireland suggests that by 2066 there will be more people than ever before hitting 100.

A man born in 1931 only has a 2.5 per cent chance of reaching 100, while a woman has a 5.1 per cent chance. But the rapidly changing life expectancy is reflected in the statistics for 2011. A girl born this year has a 33.7 per cent chance of reaching 100, while a boy has a 26 per cent chance of doing so.

The figures also show that a boy born in 1961 has a 10 per cent chance of reaching his centenary, while a girl born in the same year has a 16 per cent chance of living to 100.

A man born in 1991 has a 19.2 per cent of getting to 100, while a woman has a greater chance at 26.5 per cent.

Actuarial estimates of life expectancy, which guide pension calculations, are often underestimates which cause problems when people plan for their retirement.

However, the chances of reaching 100 decrease each year as you grow older, but then start getting better again from the age of 83, according to the figures released by the British government.

At 83, you have on average a 7.2 per cent chance of getting to three figures. At 85, the chances are 7.4 per cent; at 90 it is 9.3 per cent and if you survive until 99, your chance of reaching 100 is 67.6 per cent.

© Telegraph.co.uk

- Andrew Porter

John Carmack, one of the software developers behind the classic computer game Doom, says that violent games reduce aggression.

His comments fly in the face of widespread media scares linking violent computer games with real-life violence. But the scientific evidence for such a link is inconclusive, say researchers.

Mr Carmack, speaking to computer game trade magazine IndustryGamers, said: "I never took seriously the violence in video games debate. It was basically talking points for people to get on CNN.

"I really think, if anything, there is more evidence to show that the violent games reduce aggression and violence. There have actually been some studies about that, that it’s cathartic. If you go to QuakeCon and you walk by and you see the people there [and compare that to] a random cross section of a college campus, you’re probably going to find a more peaceful crowd of people at the gaming convention. I think it’s at worst neutral and potentially positive."

In recent weeks, the link between violent computer games and violence has been brought to the fore after one was cited by Anders Behring Breivik, the man behind the recent Norway killings, as "training". Breivik said in his 1,500 page "manifesto": “I just bought [Call of Duty] Modern Warfare 2, the game. It is probably the best military simulator out there and it’s one of the hottest. I see MW2 more as part of my training-simulation than anything else.”

The evidence linking violent computer games to real-world aggression is controversial. One 2006 meta-analysis - collating information from earlier studies - found that they "provided no support for the hypothesis that violent video game playing is associated with higher aggression." A later one, published last year in Psychological Bulletin, found the opposite, suggesting that the evidence "strongly suggests that exposure to violent video games is a causal risk factor for increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect". However, that study was itself criticised for including studies that "do not relate well to serious aggression", as well as a "biased" sample of unpublished studies.

Psychology researchers at Huddersfield University have suggested that the emphasis on violent computer games is missing the point. Dr Simon Goodson, who with his colleague Dr Sarah Pearson compared brain activity in people playing different genres of games, said: “There was an assumption among reports that because a game didn’t include any violence that it wouldn’t make people aggressive. But just look at people who play Tetris and how angry they get.

“We looked at a violent game and a driving game. We found that driving made people far more emotionally aroused than the violent one, so we thought we should check it out. We did this on a bigger scale and indeed found that driving makes you more emotionally aroused than shooting something.”

They found similar responses with football games: “Once again, a sporting game made people far more emotionally aroused and aggressive than other genres. In fact we’ve had people swearing at us, swearing at the game, swearing at the referee. If you watch a clip of England fans when they lost to Germany in the World Cup, their reactions are similar to the behaviour of the game player.”

In June, the US Supreme Court ruled that a California law barring the sale of violent video games - defined as those depicting the “killing, maiming, dismembering or sexually assaulting an image of a human being” - was unconstitutional, breaching the right to free speech.

Explaining the judgment, Justice Antonin Scalia said: “Grimm's Fairy Tales, for example, are grim indeed. As her just desserts for trying to poison Snow White, the wicked queen is made to dance in red hot slippers 'til she fell dead on the floor.

“Before video games came cheap novels depicting crime, motion pictures, comic books, television and music lyrics - all of which were blamed by some for juvenile delinquency.”

© Telegraph.co.uk

- Tom Chivers

The rise of the smartphone has led to an increase in what has long been considered a social faux pas of the highest order, using a phone during a film or a play. And adults are now almost as guilty of it as teenagers.

A report published yesterday showed that one in four teenagers and almost one in five adults admitted using their smartphone during a performance.

Ofcom, the British communications watchdog, conducted research into how mobile technology was changing habits. People with ordinary mobile phones were far less likely to keep them turned on during a play or film, Ofcom found.

It said the propensity for people to use their phones to surf the internet or post messages on Twitter raised issues of “etiquette and modern manners”.

The watchdog found that 27 per cent of teenagers used their smartphones — multifunctional devices allowing access to the internet — in venues where they have been asked to turn them off. Almost 20 per cent of adults also said that they were likely to use their smartphones secretly in supposedly quiet venues. James Thickett, the director of research for Ofcom, said the high level of smartphone use in venues such as theatres “raises an issue about social etiquette and modern manners and the degree to which we as a society are tolerant of this behaviour”.

Phones going off in the theatre have in recent years become an annoyance for actors. Last month Simon Callow, the actor, said it takes an hour to recover after a phone goes off in a theatre.

Mr Thickett said: “I think what we have found before is that teenagers have always been more likely to use mobile phones in cinemas and theatres. What we are finding now is that for smartphone users, it is much, much higher, but adult smartphone users as well. So it is not just about adults and teenagers having different values, it is about technology driving the values towards the way you behave in social situations,” he said. The report found that one in four adults and almost half of all teenagers — defined as 12 to 15 year-olds — own a smartphone.

Mr Thickett said smartphones have also altered the work-life balance, with one in four users saying that they would take work-related phone calls while on holiday, compared with just 16 per cent of regular mobile phone users. Ofcom’s Communications Market Report found that nearly two-thirds of teenagers were “highly addicted” to smartphones, with half admitting using them even in the lavatory. One third of teenagers said that they were likely to use a smartphone during meals, while four in 10 said they answered their phone if it woke them at night.

The phones have also significantly affected how people use leisure time. Almost a quarter of teenagers said they watched less television due to having a smartphone, while 15 per cent say that they read fewer books because of it.

“The rapid growth in the use of smartphones – which offer internet access, emails and a variety of internet-based applications – is changing the way that many of us, particularly teenagers, act in social situations,” said Mr Thickett.

Smartphone use is skewed towards young males in higher social-economic groups. However, one in 10 Britons over the age of 55 owns one. BlackBerries are the most popular smartphones among teenagers and students, with their free messaging service, while iPhones are the most popular among adults.

© Telegraph.co.uk

- James Hall

Women with a history of anorexia or bulimia may take longer to get pregnant, according to new research.

A study of more than 11,000 women found that 39.5pc of those with a history of anorexia and bulimia took longer than six months to conceive, compared to 25pc of women in the general population.

They were also more than twice as likely as women without a history of either disorder to need treatment to help them conceive (6.2pc versus 2.7pc).

However, overall, they were no more likely to take longer than 12 months to conceive than other women.

Reality TV star Chantelle Houghton recently revealed that years of crash dieting have left her infertile at just 27.

"Because of my obsession with food and my crash- dieting when I had bulimia, I've ruined my chances of having a baby naturally," she confessed to Heat magazine. The study was carried out by experts at King's College London.

They found that women with a history of anorexia or bulimia were more likely to have unplanned pregnancies and to experience negative feelings when they found out they were pregnant.

While 71pc of all women were overjoyed or pleased on discovering their pregnancy, those with anorexia and bulimia were more than twice as likely to say 'motherhood means personal sacrifice'. They were also more than twice as likely (9.8pc versus 3.8pc) to report feeling unhappy when they found out they were pregnant.

All women in the study were asked to complete questionnaires when they were 12 and 18 weeks pregnant.

Of the group, 171 women had anorexia at some point in their life, 199 had bulimia and 82 had suffered from both conditions.

Lead author Abigail Easter, from the Institute of Psychiatry at King's, said: "This research highlights that there are risks to fertility associated with eating disorders.

"However, the high rates of unplanned pregnancies in women with a history of anorexia suggest that women may be underestimating their chances of conceiving.

"Women planning a pregnancy should ideally seek treatment for their eating disorder symptoms prior to conception."

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- Jane Kirby

Ever since Brigitte Bardot's portrayal of a young girl who loves nude sunbathing in the 1956 blockbuster And God Created Woman, bronzed skin has stood for sexual allure and beauty, as well as good health.

But while we love to get a tan, there's huge pressure to apply high-factor sunscreen -- or to get the bronzing without the sun with a fake tan.

Beneath this apparent orthodoxy, there's an acrimonious debate between those who insist sunshine is a toxic force against which we need constant protection and those who accuse big business of promoting "sun phobia" for commercial reasons, thus putting us at risk of a vitamin deficiency which causes rickets.

Who should we believe? Here's what the experts say on the pros and cons of tanning.

Sunbathing

> How it works

Melanin in the skin absorbs UV radiation in sunlight, thereby changing the colour and eventually the thickness of the skin. Tanning occurs when the skin is exposed to sunlight gradually. Sudden exposure of previously protected skin to strong UV rays causes burning, quickly turning a "milk bottle" into a "lobster".

> Worst press

Bardot's face in later life.

> Health benefits

Some clinicians insist there is no such thing as a safe suntan and that all sun exposure causes skin cancer as well as ageing and wrinkles.

However, a series of studies have discovered widespread vitamin D deficiency in cloudy Britain. And a growing number of experts say that safe sunbathing has unparalleled health benefits by boosting levels of vitamin D, "the sunshine vitamin", which is formed when bare skin is exposed to sunlight.

As well as helping to build a robust immune system and strong bones, trials suggest it fights off some cancers and depression.

"A sunny holiday with plenty of opportunity for safe and careful sunbathing is excellent for everyone's health -- including those with pale skins -- provided they are careful," says Oliver Gillie, health campaigner and author of Sunlight Robbery. "The evidence suggests that the best approach is to enjoy regular sunshine throughout the year, so that you don't suddenly expose your body to UV rays."

Cancer specialist Professor Tim Oliver, consultant oncologist at Barts and the London Hospital, says: "The anti-sun skin cancer message and the trend for young people to play indoors, rather than running around outside, is creating the potential for a health crisis. We are simply not getting enough sunlight to make the vitamin D we need to stay healthy."

> Health risks:

Sunburn is almost universally regarded as a major risk for skin cancer. "You shouldn't throw yourself at a beach once a year and let yourself burn," says Professor Oliver. "The skin cancer message is right: melanomas or tumours on the skin are found on people who have burnt in the sun, particularly when young."

Sunbeds

> How they work

UV tanning equipment mimics the spectrum of light from sunshine.

"Around 90pc mimic UVB and UVA rays in the summer sun, with new skin-sensor technology introduced in larger chains, providing tailored UV balance, based on measurements of skin type and tone and melanin levels," says Adam Mooney, chief executive of The Tanning Shop.

> Worst press

Donna Ballantyne, from Bothwell, Lanarkshire, admitted using sunbeds until she "burnt my back and shoulders to the point they were sore". She suffered 19 melanomas over 10 years and died at the age of just 39 in June of this year.

> Health benefits

Sunbeds are now much better regulated, with the introduction of maximum "irradiance level", roughly that of the midday sun in the Mediterranean. Within this safe context, there is substantial evidence that moderate use of sunbeds has the same health benefits as exposure to sunshine.

A recent study showed that sunbed users have the highest vitamin D levels of any group in Canada.

"During the winter months, many of us may benefit from the UV lamps used in sunbeds," says Professor Oliver. "Because the whole body is usually exposed, a single five to 10-minute session once every six weeks should be sufficient." >Health risks:

Fears that unsupervised coin-operated sunbed shops have provoked life-threatening "tanorexia" in teenagers led to a UK nationwide ban on under-18s in April.

Fake tans

>How they work

Fake-tan products today contain moisturiser, skin toners, anti-ageing agents and sun protection factor and are available as creams, lotions, sprays, mousses and liquids. But the market still depends on DHA, the protein that turns apples brown when cut in half.

> Worst press

Most female celebrities have been judged and found guilty of orange fake-tan disasters -- including, in the past 12 months, Cheryl Cole, Patsy Kensit and Kelly Brook.

> Health benefits

Today, it's relatively simple to get a healthy streak-free, sun-kissed look. "Use a gradual tan if you have a light skin tone, a spray or mousse for a medium skin tone and a bronzing lotion for dark skin -- and take a picture of yourself with the flash on to make sure the colour is just right," says James Read, celebrity spray-tanner to Lady Gaga.

> Health risks:

None known.

On learning to trust again, safeguarding a secret, tackling low self-esteem and alternative acne cures

Q My boyfriend is off on a golfing holiday to Florida, to celebrate winning a new work contract. I've asked him to promise not to get up to anything and he has sworn he won't. My dad left my mum after meeting my now stepmum while away on a work trip, so naturally I'm nervous of history repeating itself. I want to trust my boyfriend, but my dad kind of ruined my trust in men when he cheated on my mum.

A you must begin the process of learning to trust men again as it will be difficult for you to enjoy a close and trusting relationship with your boyfriend if you are still stuck in that frame of mind. What happened between your parents was a huge shock for you, but all men definitely do not behave like that. There may have been problems within their relationship that you weren't aware of, and while your dad should never have been unfaithful to his wife, he still has the right to find happiness.

It's highly unlikely that your boyfriend has any intention of ever cheating on you. He has sworn to you that he will remain faithful, and it's so important that you take his word for it. It's incredibly unfair on him to have to feel as though you don't have faith in him.

Relationships absolutely depend on the trust between two people and without that, they have little chance of survival. Try not to worry too much, but do ensure he stays in contact with you while he's gone to ease your mind. Skype is a great, free way of speaking to friends and family when abroad.

Q I confided something shocking from my past to my best friend, and she swore that she would never tell anyone. That was a few years ago, and recently she has been behaving like a prize cow; borrowing money and never repaying it, turning up dead late, and turning every conversation into a long moan about her problems. I would love a little break from her company, but I'm afraid to annoy her in any way in case she tells someone my secret.

A This isn't how a friendship is supposed to be. One of the wonderful aspects of enjoying a close friendship is to be able to share your deepest and most intimate secrets with the other person, secure in the knowledge that the information will never be passed on.

It comes down to basic trust and respect, and to break that is a pretty serious breach of the friendship. It's also likely that you're placing far more importance on the particular piece of shocking information you confided in her, and it may not even occur to her that she could use it against you. It's obviously something that's playing on your mind and your conscience, but my advice is to move on from it

I strongly suggest that you try to shake off this fear envelop- ing you, and speak to your friend about her behaviour. A word of confidence from you that you value her friendship but deserve better treatment, should make the world of difference.

Q I used to be very competitive in sports, work, etc but recent failures have zapped me of my energy when it comes to pushing myself. I was a reasonably fit girl and a high achiever in work but one knock after another now means I am overweight and a temp, having been made redundant. I don't want to bother anyone with these issues as my family and friends think I am strong but I am crying all the time in private and cannot see a way to turn my life around in these straitened times. I don't have a mortgage or credit card bills so I can't understand why I cannot get out from under this black cloud.

A It sounds to me as though you have, for a variety of reasons, taken a huge confidence knock. I believe we go through cycles, and certain difficult situations present themselves to challenge us. We would never grow and develop if we weren't faced with those more adverse stages in life, as well as the positive and uplifting ones.

With some focus and determination, I absolutely believe that you turn your life back around and find the happiness and contentment you seek and deserve. You must not bottle up these feelings and end up sinking lower and lower. Confiding in loved ones can bring great comfort and relief that all is out in the open. Take some time out, if possible, to focus on your goals and what you hope to achieve in a year. Then with their support you can begin to concentrate on losing weight, gaining back some vital self-esteem and searching for your ideal job. Good luck.

Q I've suffered from acne for four years -- I've tried all the over-the-counter treatments and been to see my doctor many times. She said it was mild but persistent, as in low-grade acne -- but none of the antibiotics she prescribed have worked long term. I know it sounds trite but it really gets me down.

A Believe me, there's nothing 'trite' about it. I've had many breakouts in the past, generally caused by stress. People often underestimate the massive implications that stress has on the body's systems and it can seriously throw it out of balance. I think you should firstly assess your lifestyle and diet. Are you under stress? Do you drink plenty of water and focus on eating a balanced diet of primarily fresh, whole foods?

Rather than opting for antibiotics and other medication, I would recommend you visit a practitioner in alternative medicine. Ask questions, pick up information from health food shops and visit reputable websites for remedies that would suit you, your lifestyle and particular condition.

- Rosanna Davison

Is it the seven-year itch that is to blame for Jennifer Lopez and husband Marc Anthony recently announcing that they are to split after seven years of marriage? Recent divorce statistics in the States show that first marriages are most likely to end up in the divorce courts eight years after a couple say "I do".

The initial separation proceedings are instigated after seven years of marriage.

It seems that for all that has changed about marriage statistics since the 1950s -- the age at which people marry is getting older, and the divorce rate has risen and fallen -- one number has remained static: a couple is most likely to split around the seven-year mark.

Lopez (42) and Anthony (42) became a couple in early 2004 after Lopez broke up with Ben Affleck, and Anthony was divorcing former Miss Universe Dayanara Torres.

They married in a small ceremony in 2004, and have three year-old twins together, Emme and Max.

Is superstar Lopez, who was back in the spotlight this year as an American Idol judge, a victim of the seven-year curse?

It's 56 years since Marilyn Monroe moved into the same apartment building as a happily married man whose wife -- of seven years -- happened to be away for the summer, and The Seven Year Itch, as the film was titled, is still with us.

Reasons given for a couple splitting in and around this time include the stress of caring for young children, the accumulation of bad times, and work and family pressures, all of which tend to build to a boiling point around seven years.

Typically, people who are unhappy with their marriages find that out within the first few years, yet take a few more years to get to the state of divorcing.

Options

Most divorces are instigated by women. The average woman marries in her late 20s or early 30s, and when things go wrong she is likely to think: "I need to get out before I'm too old. I'll have more options if I'm 35 versus 45."

The current understanding of the phrase "seven-year itch" was popularised in 1952, when the late playwright George Axelrod used it as the title of his play about a couple divorcing.

Other couples who seem to have suffered the seven-year itch include Macaulay Culkin (30) and Mila Kunis (27). They never married, yet Culkin, former child star of Home Alone, had set up home with the actress Kunis, who will soon be seen in Friends with Benefits.

The couple, who split in January, were very low key and rarely walked the red carpet together. They first met when Kunis was starring in That 70s Show. Kunis is now one of Hollywood's rising stars, following rave reviews for her appearance in the hit movie Black Swan.

Another Hollywood couple who hit the skids after seven years of marriage is Oscar winner Kate Winslet and director Sam Mendes.

Titanic star Winslet (35) and her ex-husband and American Beauty director Mendes (46) married in May 2003 on the Caribbean island of Anguilla. Their son, Joe, was born seven months later.

The couple split last year and their lawyers insisted that there was no one else involved. A statement said: "The split is entirely amicable and is by mutual agreement. Both parties are fully committed to the future joint parenting of their children."

Expectations

Financial problems can start to rear their head for an average couple after about seven years. The honeymoon period is over and family relationships with children, parents, in-laws, siblings and step-children can all be sources of marital problems.

Problems with sexual frequency, quality and infidelity are also common reasons for marriage failure and divorce. Negative personality traits make a long-term relationship unbearable, and divorce an attractive possibility.

While last but not least, if you want to avoid the seven-year itch, make sure you and your partner have similar lifestyle expectations. Partying all night while the other prefers quiet nights in is quite the passion killer.

Parents have been warned of the potential dangers of children watching TV while using other interactive devices.

University researchers said children were often "multi-screen viewing" -- watching TV while at the same time using smartphones, laptops or hand-held gaming devices.

A sedentary lifestyle -- linked to spending lots of time watching TV and playing computer games -- is thought to increase the risk of obesity and mental health problems, researchers at Bristol and Loughborough universities said.

It is now possible to watch TV 'on demand' via the internet, play computer games on laptops, hand-held devices or mobile phones, keep in contact with friends using text, Facebook, Skype and MSN, and to do all this concurrently.

Previous studies have not examined if children take part in multi-screen viewing or their reasons for doing so.

The researchers questioned 63 10 to 11-year-olds and found the children enjoyed looking at more than one screen at a time.

They use a second device to fill in breaks during their entertainment, often talking or texting their friends during adverts or while they were waiting for computer games to load.

The television was also used to provide background entertainment while they were doing something else -- especially if the programme chosen by their family was considered 'boring'.

One study respondents said: "I'm on my DSi and my laptop. On my DSi I'm on MSN and on my laptop I'm on Facebook and then the TV is on."

Dr Russ Jago, from Bristol University's Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, said: "There is a shortage of information about screen viewing among children, especially given the rapid advances technology and their widespread availability.

portable

"For example, TV programmes are watched on computers, games consoles can be used to surf the internet, smartphones, tablet computers and hand-held games play music, video games provide internet access, and laptop computers can do all of the above."

Dr Jago added: "Health campaigns recommend reducing the amount of time children spend watching TV.

"However, the children in this study often had access to at least five different devices at any one time, and many of these devices were portable."

The research paper is published today in the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity.

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- Rod Minchin

Children are using up to five screens at a time including mobile phones, laptops, games consoles and television because they are now bored with just focusing on one.

They text friends during advertising breaks, use MSN or Facebook when their parents are watching an adult programme, or play an electronic game while waiting for their laptop to load up.

Health and exercise researchers at Bristol and Loughborough universities, who carried out the research, say campaigns to reduce "screen time" will only ever work if people understand how chlidren now use technology, and why.

To do so they undwertook focus groups with 63 primary school children aged 10 and 11.

Russell Jago, from Bristol University's Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health, said: "The children in this study often had access to at least five different devices at any one time, and many of these devices were portable.

"This meant that children were able to move the equipment between their bedrooms and family rooms, depending on whether they wanted privacy or company.

"So simply removing the television from a child's room may not be enough to address the health concerns and we need to work with families to develop strategies to limit the overall time spent multi-screen viewing wherever it occurs within the home."

Of the children, three-quarters had access to a handheld games console like a Nintendo DS, DSi or a Sony PSP, seven in 10 to a laptop and half to a smartphone.

Asked how they used them, one typical response was: "On my DSi I'm on MSN and on my laptop I'm on Facebook and then the TV is on."

Television has now become largely a background activity, except when there is something specific on they want to watch.

The researchers noted: "For many children the television was just used as a method of filling time while they waited for a game to load on the laptop."

The study is published today (Wednesday) in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.

© Telegraph.co.uk

- Stephen Adams